The Information Junkie: April 2010

Paper on Bionics

ABSTRACT

The perpetual hiatus between man and machine was curtailed by the advent of Bionics.

Transcendental scientists had undergone several vicissitudes in topics relevant to study of bionics. For past many years, making human like machines has been a dream of mankind. Today the experts from the field of engineering, ophthalmology, surgery and biology are working together to develop artificial organs. The crux of the topic stresses on learning from nature to inspire independent technological development.

Concepts of Bionics , its classification , application of bionics pertaining to real life has been elaborated along with the pros and cons in the present paper .Up to now the physically challenged people would interact with nature just by thoughts, now this virtuality was turned to reality by Bionics.

The points which need retrospection are:

1) How can be Bionics made odd man out compared to other technologies?

2) Can the devices be user friendly?

3) Can the future generations adapt this technology?

4) How does the mankind depend Cyborg as armours in wars?

INTRODUCTION

-The Science On Edge

Bionics- ‘comes from biological electronics and denotes an effort to use biological design principles to create novel technological devices and to create mechanical substitutes for extension of biological organs’. Technically speaking: replenishment or enhancement of organs or other body parts by mechanical versions. A less common and may be more recent meaning of term “bionics” refers to merging of organism and machine.

Fig 1

In a more specific meaning, it is a ‘creativity technique’ that tries to use biological prototypes to get ideas for ‘engineering’ solutions which is motivated by the fact that ‘biological’ organisms and their organs have been well optimized by ‘evolutions’.

In various fields of present technology bionics plays a vital role:-

Engineering include radar , echolocation of bats, non-stick coating imitating lotus effect and many more…In the field of computer science , bionic approach has produced cybernetics, artificial neural networks, swarm intelligence. In the field of medicine, bionics emphasizes on animal locomotion!

· How Basilisk lizards walk on water?

· How penguins minimize drag?

· How insects manage to remain airborne?

In the field of Electronics, the advent of Bionics (‘Bio’ + ‘Electronics’)has improved the standards of a) nano tubes b) the myriad of micro- electro mechanical devices (MEM’s) constructed with technology derived from the silicon chip industry.

Evolution of bionics

The genealogy of Biological Engineering, spanning over a period of at least four millennia, shows that Biological Engineering is descended from the intersections of various disciplines that originate from three ancient pillars of knowledge, including the practices of engineering, medicine and the discipline of philosophy.

Fig 2

Often bionics approach accentuates imitation of biological structures rather than mere implementation of the same function. One reason for growing interest in bionics is the fabrication methods are much more sophisticated than they are used to be. Because of innovations in modern technical fields, it is possible to plan and construct complicated structures in molecular level. As the performance gap between biological structures and our mechanical analogs shortens, engineers may feel increasingly encouraged to seek and adapt design concepts from nature and are beginning to develop a fabrication tool kit sophisticated enough to capture their salient features .

Bionics tries to use biological prototypes innovatively to get ideas for engineering solutions which is motivated by the fact that biological organisms and their organs have been well optimized by evolution and further simulating it.

From the above outcomes, the evolutionary phenomenon of bionics had made its impact in multifaceted fields.

Classification of bionics:-

Five Function Bionic Classification System [FFBCS]

The five function bionic classification system is illustrated below:-

Fig .3

The Five Function Bionic Classification System {FFBCS} classifies a bionic device or tissue into four levels

Ø 0= no function

Ø 1 = below normal biologic function

Ø 2 = normal biologic function

Ø 3 = above normal biologic function

For example,

A “S2/M2/I2/P1/G0” bionic device provides: equal to normal biological functionality for body structure movement and information transfer; less than normal biological function for power source and distribution; and no ability for growth or self repair.

Present new Subject: Application Of The Classification System:-

Now consider the application of five-function bionic classification system (FFDCS) through a bionic human limb. specifically let us suppose the arm hand: provides skeletal strength equal to that of a human limb; some, but not all, of the range of motion of a human arm hand; some ability to transmit messages from the brain to the arm/hand for the movement, but not as complete as that of a natural arm hand; power (rechargeable) that is not connected to as biological power within the body and no ability to grow or self-repair. This bionic limb would be classified as “S2/M1/I1/P1/G0”.

Fig 4.a Fig 4.b

As a second application, we consider bionic eye. As a second application, we consider a bionic eye that that converts light into neural impulses and thus restores sight (but to a limited extent) is capable of normal eye movement as directed by the brain, and is powered by the biochemical processes that power biological cells. Such a bionic eye would be classified as “S0/M2/I1/P2/G0”.

Let us now consider a completely hypothetical application -- a chip with a neural-silicon interface that allows enhancement of human information processing or storage. Let us further assume that it is powered by a battery that must be recharged. Such a device would be classified “S0/M0/I3/P1/G0”.

Fig 5

The above figure illustrates a bionic eye.

Biological vision utilizes massively parallel analog processors , usually called nerve cells which combine output to extract from the visual field such details as edges, local contrast , and movement .

In order to have a closer and elaborated look at the bionic eye it is mandatory for us to have minimum knowledge of “prostheses” [a replacement for a part of the body]. Learning “prostheses” will make the understanding of bionic logic easier.

BIONIC EYE:-

The eye is an extraordinary molecular computer. When we see with normal vision, the light waves of the world descend upon the sheet of photoreceptors--100 million to 200 million rods and cones, depending on which estimate you accept--at the back of the eye. At this point, the light wave is translated into an electrical signal. Surprisingly, the translated signal is then shunted back. Through the retina's sheets, moving from neuron to neuron and subjected to a bewildering sequence of spatial and temporal distortions. At one point, the signal is compressed; at another, a delay of tens of milliseconds may occur before it is passed on in parallel to many other neuronal signals.

At each point, the signal's fate depends on interactions with other neurons, some doing their own parallel shuttling and processing of neighboring signals, some handling new rafts of photons impinging on the photoreceptors.

Fig 6

Eventually, the signal is gathered up and sent through the retina again and along the optic nerve to the back of the head for subsequent processing. A sense of the complexity of the processing at each neuronal layer is on display in the sequence of neural images shown here. The data came from a biologically functioning salamander retina (broadly analogous to a human one) and was processed by computer. A human face triggers activity in the nerve cells in each layer of the retina. The first frame of each film strip shows the ambient activity; the second and third show what happens just after movement starts and about a quarter of a second later, respectively. The functional activity begins at the very top. After the photoreceptors react to the reflectance of the face, the image is averaged in space and time by the horizontal cells; then their feedback reduces the photoreceptor’s activity, yielding the sharp image at the cone terminals. In the bipolar-cell sheet, some neurons (red) respond to the bright side of a boundary between light and dark areas, and others (green) respond to the dark side of the boundary. Bipolar-cell terminals reveal only an eye blink in frame 2, because they are inhibited by the narrow field cells. Simultaneously, the widely ramifying (W) cells receive input because of a change in visual space and broadcast over a wide area.

The activity is summed at the ganglion cells, which are driven by the bipolar but inhibited by the W-cell broadcast. At this level, where a signal is passed to the brain, frame 2 briefly reveals the arrival of the image, which is then turned off by the W cells in frame 3.

PROSTHESES:-

In 1970’s a great deal of research was being done involving connecting sensory prostheses with the nerve cells of the body. One problem at that time was the only way to pick up a signal was to impale the nerve tissue, thus destroying the nerve. The advent of silicon receptor has solved this problem, and machine to nerve connections are now a possibility nevertheless research of the 1970’s has been crucial to the understanding of the nerves system and development of a bionic body.

Experiments showed that muscles control the human body in a highly complicated manner. There are two connections in the central nervous system(CNS).The first is through gamma cells (which controls motion ) or the other being directly through alpha cells (fast , rough motion ) . In principle we know how the system works. A signal is sent to the CNS through golgi organs present in the tendon and through spindles. However this knowledge is difficult to utilize in making connections to a muscle system due to a large number of nerve fibers which control a single muscle.

The function of prostheses can be made analogous to the simple controlling of a dog. In case of a prosthetic limb only some of these signals sent by the brain need to be picked up in order to tell the mechanized arm to function.

CYBERNETICS:-

The field of science concerned with processes of communication and control (especially the comparison of these processes in biological and artificial systems).

Cyborg:-

A human being whose body has been taken over in whole or in part by electromechanical devices. The cyborg becomes a starting metaphor for exploring ways of breaking down the nature/culture binary. This line of thought is known as cyborg theory.

According to some definitions of the term, the metaphysical and physical attachments humanity has with even the most basic technologies have already made us cyborgs. In a typical example, a human fitted with a heart pacemaker might be considered a cyborg, since s/he is incapable of surviving without the mechanical part.

Cybernetics is a theory of the communication and control of regulatory feedback. The term cybernetics stems from the Greek Κυβερνήτης (meaning steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder). Cybernetics is the discipline that studies communication and control in living beings and in the machines built by humans. A more philosophical definition, suggested in 1958 by Louis Couffignal, one of the pioneers of cybernetics in the 1930s, considers cybernetics as "the art of assuring efficiency of action".

Fig 7

In scholarly terms, cybernetics is the study of systems and control in an abstracted sense — that is, it is not grounded in any empirical field. Its emphasis is on the functional relations that hold between the different parts of a system. These include in particular the transfer of information, and the circular relations that define feedback, self-organization, and autopsies. The main innovation brought about by cybernetics is an understanding of goal-directedness or purpose as a negative feedback which minimizes the deviation between the perceived situation and the desired situation (goal).

ARTIFICAL NEURON:

The artificial neuron is another name for the Threshold Logic Unit originally proposed by

Warren Culloch and Walter Pitts in 1940. It is the basic building block of the artificial neural network,

simulating a biological neuron(illustrated below). It receives one or more inputs and produces an

output based on the calculation of the sum of the inputs using a simple non-linear function as a threshold or step function which is usually a sigmoid. A neural network is an interconnected group of neurons. The prime examples are biological neural networks, especially the human brain. In modern usage the term most often refers to artificial neural networks (ANN), or neural nets for short, and this is the sense that is used in the rest of this article.

The artificial neurons are highly interconnected in a large single-layer or multi-layer neural

network, the information processing performed in this way may be crudely summarised as follows: signals (action-potentials) appear at the unit's inputs (synapses).The weighted signals are now summed to produce an overall unit activation. If this activation exceeds a certain threshold the unit produces an

output response, usually 1 or 0 or 1 and -1.

Fig 8

Mathematically, For a given artificial neuron, let there be n inputs with signals x₁ through x_n and weights w₁ through w_n. The signals are Boolean valued, i.e. they take on the values `1' or `0' only.(This allows their relation to digital logic circuits to be discussed).

The activation u is given by

$u = \sum_{j=1}^n w_j x_j$

The output y is then given by determining if the activation meets a specified threshold θ. The

"signal"is sent, i.e. the output is set to one, if the activation meets the threshold.

$y = \left\{ \begin{matrix} 1 & \mbox{if }u \ge \theta \\ 0 & \mbox{if }u < \theta \end{matrix} \right.$

SWARM INTELLIGENCE:-

Fig 9

Swarm intelligence (SI) is an artificial intelligence technique based around the study of

collective behavior in decentralized, self-organized, systems. Such systems are typically made up of a population of simple agents interacting locally with one another and with their environment. Although there is normally no centralized control structure dictating how individual agents should behave, local interactions between such agents often lead to the emergence of global behavior. Examples of systems like this can be found in nature, including ant colonies, bird flocking, animal herding, bacteria molding and fish schooling.

The probably most successful swarm intelligence techniques developed up to now are Ant

Colony Optimization (ACO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). ACO is a met heuristic (other examples of met heuristics are simulated annealing, tab search, evolutionary computation, and so on) that can be used to find approximate solutions to difficult combinatorial optimization problems. In ACO artificial ants build solutions by moving on the problem graph and they, mimicking real ants, deposit artificial pheromone on the graph in such a way that future artificial ants can build better solutions. ACO has been successfully applied to an impressive number of optimization problems. Hypotheses are plotted in this space and seeded with an initial velocity, as well as a communication channel between the particles. Particles then move through the solution space, and are evaluated according to some fitness criterion after each time step. Over time, particles are accelerated towards those particles within their communication grouping which have better fitness values. The main advantage of such an approach over other global minimization strategies such as simulated annealing is that the large number of members that make up the particle swarm make the technique impressively resilient to the problem of local minima.

Real life uses

Thus the approach of Bionics is motivated bay the fact that biological solutions will always be optimized by evolutionary force from the above instances.

Bionics has been used to develop audiovisual equipment based on human eye and ear function. Though the technology that produce Bionic implants is still in a primitive stage, yet some Bionics items already exist, the best known being the cochlear implant, a device for deaf people. They can even work better than natural ears at background noise filtering.

The modus operandi of cochlear implant is briefly illustrated below in Fig 10(a) (b) (c):-

1. Outer Ear

The visible outer portion and ear canal funnels sound inward.

2. Middle Ear

The eardrum and three tiny bones vibrate from sound waves.

3. Inner Ear

The fluid-filled cochlea contains thousands of tiny sound receptors called hair cells. The hair cells sway with sound waves in the fluid filled space.

4. Hearing Nerve

Thousands of little nerve pathways transmit sound information from the hair cells up to the hearing center of the brain.

Though the branch of Bionics in the present day is highly sophisticated and explicitly used by the many fields of modern technology. It has both pros and cons concerning with the application in real life.

PROS:-

Ø The development of dirt and water repellent paint using lotus effect.

Ø Bionics seeks to transcend our biological nature by replacing biological parts with artificial parts(“deflesh”) or by translating the human mind into information in a computer(“uploading”).

Ø Because of innovations in Bionics many devices of advanced technologies came into light.

For eg : nano tubes, micro-electromechanical devices(MEM’S)and integrated circuits (IC’s) vis-à-vis animal locomotion and cognition

Ø The perpetual hiatus between man and machine was diluted by the advent of Bionics.

Ø The latest cochlear device from Advance Bionics with hi-resolution lead to the fabrication of audiovisual devices like Bionic eye and ear.

Ø Continued research in neuroscience and bioengineering lead to the improvement in man-machine interfaces and functional replacements.

Ø Dextra artificial limb is the first to let a person use existing nerve pathways to control individual computer-driven mechanical fingers. For eg :Bionic legs allow to rum more than 67 mph and make great leaps.

Ø Bionics are the common elements of science fiction, movies like Six Million Dollar Man Terminator epitomizes it.

Ø Study of bionics reveals medical ultra sound imaging imitating echolocation of bats which is useful for deaf people who can hear by echo.

CONCLUSIONS:

It is tempting to conclude that bionic vision devices are on our collective doorstep, both for robotic systems operating on their own in self guided vehicles. Continued research in neuroscience and bioengineering lead to the improvement in man-machine interfaces and functional replacement. Advance Bionic components may be with in our grasp, by putting them all together in a real life will probably remain the stuff of sci-fi.

By the year 2010 there shall be an ample supply of volunteers waiting to be the first human with bionic eyes. Attaining to such an established state is perhaps most pressing challenge that now faces biological engineering, if it to survive and flourish in the new century and into the future.

REFERENCES

[1] L.C.Jain, U.Halici, I.Hayashi, S.B.Lee and S.Tsutsui, 2005, Intelligent Biometric Techniques in Fingerprint and Face Recognition.

[2] D. Maio and D. Mmaltoni, Direct Gray- Scale Minutiae Detection in Fingerprints, IEEE Trans, on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 19, No. 1,

January 2005

[3] A.K. Jain , L. Hong and R. Bolle, April 2005, On-Line Fingerprint Verification, IEEE Trans, on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 19. No.4, April 1997.

[4] A.K. Jain , L. Hong , S. Pankanti , and R. Bolle, September, 2005, An Identify- Authentication System Using Fingerprints, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 85, No. 9, September 2005 .

[5] M.FaundezZanurry, Vulnerability of Biometric security systems.Proceedings of IEEE Vol.36,No 10, December 2005.

[6] David Maltoni,Dario Maio, Anil K Jain and Salil Prabhakar,Hand book of Finger print Recognition ,Springer professional.

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HCL Aspiring Minds CBT Test

Hello folks,

HCL is hiring freshers from 2008 & 2009 batch.

Aspire Minds is conducting the test, CBT test, like GRE.

Here is the website.

Many of them got their Admit Cards for the written test @Hyd.My friend got it too, he wanted me to share his experience so that it will be helpful for others who might attend them in coming days.

He said there were many questions from verbal and non-verbal reasoning. Aptitude has more time compared to others. Oh, I forgot, there were 4 sections it seems. Approximately 1 min per question.

He said there is no technical section in the paper -- This is good news for 2008 pass out guys who will be out of touch with technical subjects.

He said aptitude was easy: few questions from time and work, allegation and mixtures, probability etc.

Here is the site you may want to visit to take mock tests for the exam.

Also there is an Orkut community -- Queries on Orkut Community of Aspiring Minds
http://www.orkut.co.in/Main#Community?cmm=97382243.

I will include some example questions tomorrow. If you have already attended this test, please share your experiences by leaving a comment.

Visit this page for more information

posted under Aspiring Minds Test, HCL Test, Online Exams | 26 Comments

The Dash in English

And I've come up with an interesting topic. I was reading a newspaper today and wondered "why they use dashes in between the sentences?". Well, I was not concentrating on them all these days --- better late than never --- I tried to use it. Interestingly, they are used many times in New York Times editorials and opinion. So, here I am with the details. Thanks to "Goof-Proof" book, which gave me the necessary knowledge to post you guys on this.

What i have observed while reading some editorials is, there are four instances where we use them.

1) To signify an interruption of thought, or to insert a comment.

Ex : Read this
In that column, he said "a hard question that I don’t purport to have a compelling answer to" which is a comment inserted in between the sentence.

2) To emphasize exposition

Ex: Don’t waste your breath trying to tell a 10-year-old to confine his reverence for Tiger Woods to the realm of golf — to admire Tiger’s swing but not his swinging.

3) To represent omitted letters in a word

Ex: Do censors still block the word s— from use on the radio?

4) To connect a beginning phrase to the rest of a sentence

Ex: Pride of New York—that is the agriculture program in which I
am interested.

Click here for more information and here for some more :)

Please pass your comments and share your knowledge.

Happy dashing :D

posted under English Grammer, Verbal ability | 0 Comments

GRE Words with pictures

Root : pet

Meaning : petit to ask, request, seek

Impetuous : Impulsive and passionate

Adj - of, pertaining to, or characterized by sudden or rash action, emotion, etc

Propitious : auspicious, favorable

propitious weather.

Impetus : Moving force, stimulus

The grant for building the opera house gave impetus to the city's cultural life.

Competent : Capable

He is perfectly competent to manage the bank branch.

Petition : to plead, to appeal

a petition to God for courage and strength.

posted under GRE WORDS, Verbal ability | 0 Comments

Useful websites for creative writing

Some sites that you may consider visiting are

http://www.dictionary.com—A useful online dictionary.

http://www.m-w.com—Merriam Webster Online. This site has a number of interesting features that will make you forget you are trying to improve your spelling! Check out the Word for the Wise section (http://www.m-w.com/wftw/wftw.htm) for fun facts about words.

http://www.randomhouse.com/words/—Words@Random. Here you will find crossword puzzles, quizzes, dictionaries, and other fun stuff all in one site.

http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/errors/index.html—Paul Brians’ “Common Errors in English” site.

http://garbl.home.attbi.com/writing/—Writing and grammar directory.

http://iteslj.org/quizzes/—Self-study quizzes for ESL students, but useful for anyone interested in grammar.

http://babel.uoregon.edu/yamada/guides/esl.html—University of Oregon, Yamada Language Center Website.

http://www.protrainco.com/info/grammar.htm—The Professional Training Company’s “Good Grammar, Good Style Pages.”

http://www.englishgrammar101.com—English Grammar 101. Several English grammar tutorials.

http://www.dailygrammar.com—Daily Grammar. This site offers daily e-mail messages with a grammar lesson five days of the week and a quiz on the sixth day.

http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/—Guide to Grammar and Writing.

http://jcomm.uoregon.edu/~russial/grammar/grambo.html— A Test of the Emergency Grammar System.

posted under Creative Writing, English Grammer, Verbal ability | 0 Comments

GRE words with pictures

Hi guys, here i am, after so many days posting some GRE words.

Ah, let me start with a word "AMBIGUOUS" which means confusing/unclear in mind

There is one more word "AMBIVALENT" which has almost the same meaning - It means Undecided/Neutral/Wishy-washy

Intelligent people are "APPREHENSIVE", which means quick to learn or understand. It also means worried and anxious.

"Truth ever conquers" which means truth only wins (Satyameva Jayate) is a proverb. Likewise, "APHORISM" is a short pithy instructive saying/a proverb

Wait a minute..I forgot to mention the part of speech they belong to. Well, I'll give you some tips you'll have to figure it out yourselves

Nouns, you will discover, often end in conventional suffixes: -ness, -ty, -ism, -y, -ion, etc.

Verbs, you will discover, often end in conventional suffixes: -ate, -ize, -fy, etc.

Adjectives, you will discover, often end in conventional suffixes: -ic, -ed, -ous, -al, -ive, etc.

And Advebs, of course, are generally formed by adding -ly to an adjective.

Next word is "ALLEGE", which means to assert without any proof.

Well, there wasn't a good "AMBIENCE" in the Parliament, means there wasn't a good atmosphere;mood;feeling

Left's "ANTIPATHY" to nuclear deal- Antipathy means a firm dislike.

"ANTITHESIS" - The direct opposite

Everyone wants luxury, everyone wants to own a "LIMOUSINE". Limousine is any large, luxurious automobile, esp. one driven by a chauffeur.

And "CHAUFFEUR", a person employed to drive a private automobile or limousine for the owner

posted under GRE WORDS | 1 Comments

Paper on Cyborgs

NEURAL CONTROLS - CYBORG - The future man !!

ABSTRACT:

Neural control/interfacing/interaction is a powerful means, which can develop a robust bridge between humans and machines. In this paper we emphasize on neural interfacing as an evolving trend in wireless communications by taking into account one of its important application i.e. cyborgs. A cyborg is a cybernetic organism (i.e. an organism that is a self-regulating integration of artificial and natural systems). In the next half of the paper we discuss the operational features of cyborgs.In an attempt to promote greater interaction between humans and computers, companies that develop (cybernetic) robotics technologies participate in a variety of seductive strategies that embody the cyborg discourse. Some of these strategies persuade individuals to concede to particular philosophies, such as the argument that technical artifacts and instrumental reasoning are necessary for effective social development. With the experiments conducted and proposed to be conducted in future and in the process give a brief description of the advantages and disadvantages of this technology.

INTRODUCTION:

Attachments and interfaces mediate our interaction with the environment and usually are positioned on the surface of the body. Physical objects would be called tools or attachments, while information utilities would be called interfaces. In the same way a neural interface allows human brain communicate directly with a computer, without any other equipment. That kind of interface allows any illusions to be inputted to human nervous system. Neural interfacing fantasies have mainly grown out of science fiction.

A recent article on neural interfacing in the IEEE Transactions reports that "a Microelectrode array capable of recording from and stimulating peripheral nerves at Prolonged intervals after surgical implantation has been demonstrated." These tiny silicon-based arrays were implanted into the peroneal nerves of rats and remained operative for up to 13 months .The ingeniously designed chip is placed in the pathway of the surgically severed nerve. The regenerating nerve grows through a matrix of holes in the chip, while the regenerating tissue surrounding it anchors the device in place. This chip receives the signals from the surrounding nerves and sends it to a computer through a wireless medium. Within several decades, active versions of these chips could provide a direct neural interface with prosthetic limbs, and by extension, a direct human-computer interface. This human computer interface may now lead to a revolutionary organism called as “cyborg”, which was thought of as a science -fiction earlier.

What is cyborg?

A cyborg is Part human and part machine(robot), a hybrid of neurons and wires or circuits. It is a human being artificially transformed into a machine by providing a proper interface between man and computer. And Cyborg means “Cyber Organism”.

What is Neural Interfacing?

The Society for Neural interfacing (SNI) actively promotes research on innovative approaches dedicated to Neural Interfacing (NIF). Evaluating current technology and its intrinsic limitations it is possible to outline an almost perfect Neural Interfacing technology, however, predictions are largely based on current visions and one's imagination. Thus, the content of this site is expected to be up dated on a regular basis. NIF techniques with the potential of significantly improving current electrophysiological approaches should exhibit the following features:

· Non-invasive communication with the neural tissue

· No harming side effects

· Spatial resolution in the range of micro- or nanometers in order to specifically target individual neuritis.

· Temporal resolution at the millisecond level in order to capture neural processes

· Real-time data acquisition and processing

An interesting concept that may ultimately unify the requirements listed is the communication with neural tissue by means of electromagnetic fields. An ideal NIF technology would enable the real-time visualization of thoughts. A related concept was employed in the movie "Minority Report" (see below).

Scene from the movie "Minority Report": Thoughts and thus neural activity is directly visualized by means of optic scanning of the brain. Depicted are three muses whose thoughts are directly visualized on a screen. (Please note, that NIF has nothing to do with predicting no future or action elements as entertained in the movie mentioned.

Operational and architectural features of cyborg:

A silicon chip is implanted into any part of the body especially the region where most of the nerves are interconnected, and send and receive the electronic impulses. This silicon chip is designed in such a way that it can receive the nerve signals, amplify them and encode the signal into digital format by which proper computer accessibility is provided. Since no wires are preferred to interconnect the cyborg and computer a wireless communication path is preferred. This implant is encased in a glass tube. One contains the power supply, a copper coil energized by respect to the signals from the “Cyborg”. Radio waves to produce an electric current. In the other end, three mini printed circuit boards will transmit and receive signals. The implant is connected to the body through a band that wraps around the nerve fibers and is linked by a very thin wire to the glass capsule. The chips in the implant will receive signals from the nerve fibers and send them to a computer instantaneously. For example, when a finger is moved, an electronic signal travels from the brain to activate the muscles and tendons that operate the hand. These Nerve impulses will still reach the finger. The signal from the implant will be analog, so it is to be converted into digital in order to store it in the computer.

Still, several studies on work, organizational culture, computerized information systems (CIS), networks, and human-machine dyads (such as the "symbolic value of the CIS" or the "organizational symbolism" of computer

Culture) indicate the desire to explore, interpret, and reveal more than the efficiency of cyborgs and their supposed capability to undo the "problems" of late

industrial society .There is a desire to understand and to make meaning of the developing history of cyborgs, the development of their behavior and culture; the two interconnected through hands, wires and electronic mechanisms that bend the technological discourse towards cultural as well as digital ears.

Cyber Drugs:

Tiny Silicon chips implanted in the body could soon imitate the effects of heroin or cocaine. The technology opens up the nightmare prospect of drug barons controlling victims with message sent by Internet to home computers. The message would activate the chip and deliver sensations to the brain identical to those created by drugs and just as addictive.

Research project on cyborg:

“This project is based on the experiment conducted by cyborg Steve Mann “

The silicon chip implant is inserted into the upper inside of the left arm, beneath the Inner layer of skin and on top of the muscle. And the device is connected to the Nerve fibers in the left arm, positioned electronic impulses that control dexterity, feeling, even e motions. This nerve center carries more information than any other art of the anatomy, aside from the spine and the head and so is large and quite strong This chip is made of receive the signals

from the nerve fibers and the signals are then transmitted to the computer. The computer is programmed to receive the signals, store them in a data base and

execute the tasks such as opening the doors switching on and off of lights and giving vocal messages to the cyborg depending on his loco motions and actions.

The fig. shows a blind man wearing A camera interfaced to nerve cells in brain to view images on Television artificially.

Experiments Proposed by cyborg Steve Mann:

As discussed earlier The chip in the implant will receive signals from the nerve fibers and send them to a computer instantaneously. For example, when we move a finger, an electronic

Signal travels from the brain to activate the muscles and tendons that operate the hand. These Nerve impulses will reach the finger. The implanted silicon chip receives these nerve pulses and it sends the signal of impulses to a computer through wireless path. The signal from the implant will be analog, so we'll have to convert it to digital in order to store it in the computer. The computer receives the signal and sends it back to the implant. This ensures whether the same response of moving the finger will be by sending same impulse signal to the implant. When we waggle the left index finger, it will send a corresponding signal via the implant to the computer; here it will be recorded and stored. Next, we can transmit this signal to the implant, hoping to generate an action similar to the original. No processing will be done inside the implant.

Rather, it will only send and receive signals, much like a telephone handset sends and receives sound waves. It's true that onboard power would increase the options for programming more complex tasks into the implant, but that would require a much larger device. In the similar way experiments are proposed to be conducted to provide vision to blind people. In this method a camera is made to have an interface with the implant.

This camera captures images and sends them to the silicon chip implant where the images are sent to the brain and processing takes place with this the image is seen by the blind person even without his eyes.

IMPLANTATIOON PROCEDURE:

By using this technology not only blind people can be assisted but it may also be possible to capture signals responsible for happiness, ,pain ,anesthesia etc .Experiments are also being conducted to establish wireless communication between two persons by placing similar chips ,that are capable of using the energy in the body and can transmit and receive impulse signals between them. If this experiment is proved to be possible then “cyborg” which was assumed to be a science fiction is no more a distant dream. With this technique there would be no use of any speech to communicate ,Just the impulses in the human body can be used convey the information between each other. Thought communication will place telephones firmly in the history books. Another Important application of cyborgs would be in curing diseases. If this type of experiment works, we can foresee researchers learning to send antidepressant stimulation or even contraception or vaccines in a similar manner. With this we can gain a potential to alter the whole face of medicine, to abandon the concept of feeding people chemical treatments and cures and instead achieve the desired results electronically. Cyber drugs and cyber narcotics could very well cure cancer, relieve clinical depression.

Experiment conducted by other scientists:

In an experiment conducted by team at Emory University in Atlanta, which to great international interest has planted a transmitting device into the brain of a stroke patient. After the motor neurons were linked to silicon, the patient was able to move a cursor on a Computer monitor just by thinking about it. That means thought signals were directly transmitted to a computer and used to operate it, albeit in a rudimentary way. The Emory team is looking to gradually extend the range of controls carried out.

ADVANTAGES:

If this technology comes into existence then a wide variety of advantages can be achieved the following description gives an overview of advantages enjoyed by cyborgs. One of the most important advantage of cyborg technology would be giving artificial sight to blind people .

Fig showing a baby under gone a cyborg implantation.

COMMUNICATION BETWEEN TWO CYBORGS:

But they should be provided with computer aided cameras. This technology would be implemented in almost all fields where human interaction is needed. for example consider a uranium plant or space research centre which requires a wide variety of sensors to inform about special tasks .In these places human intervention is highly needed because even if we use autonomous sensors Sometimes problems may crawl in. By using cyborg technology this problem would be more simple because if we interface humans with sensors then up to date information would be sent to the cyborg for instantaneous analysis of the status where ever he is. Even in medical field cyborgs would be of great use because any disease could be analyzed in terms of the neural impulse signals. This technology would be also used to establish intercommunication between two or peoples without using speech. It is assumed that wide area access between any number of people can be achieved by using internet. This internet would substantially form a cyberspace establishing a community of cyborgs in the near future. In this way cyborgs may revolutionize the present technology and can be used in even more areas of the world.

CYBER SOLDIER:

Certainly, the military has already considered the possibility of the super-soldier, augmented by technology so that he has faster reflexes, deadlier accuracy, greater resistance to fatigue, integrated weaponry, and most importantly, lesser inclinations toward fear or doubt in combat. Such soldiers could be created through combinations of biochemical, bioelectronics, and DNA manipulation, which is already a great success. They might have available arsenals of new biological warfare components, synthetically generated within their own bodies

Negative consequences:

The critics of bioelectronics and bio computing foresee numerous potential negative social consequences from the technology. One is that the human race will divide along the lines of biological haves and have-nots. People with enough money will be able to augment their personal attributes as they see fit, while the majority of humanity will continue to suffer from plague, hunger. It's inevitable that there will be those who see the potential of a sort of master race from this technology. Certainly, the military has already considered the possibility of the super-soldier, augmented by technology so that he has faster reflexes, deadlier accuracy, greater resistance to fatigue, integrated weaponry, and most importantly, lesser inclinations toward fear or doubt in combat. Such soldiers could be created through combinations of biochemical, bioelectronics, and DNA manipulation, which is already a great success. They might have available arsenals of new biological warfare components, synthetically generated within their own bodies. But it's not clear that these 'cyborgs' would not turn on their creators. Indeed, there's no reason at all to think they would forever allow themselves to be controlled by inferiors. They could easily become a new sort of dominant caste, forcing the rest of untechnologized humanity into serfdom. Or perhaps they might decide simply to eliminate it.

For that reason, it's logical to suspect that one of the other dangers inherent in bioelectronics might be the ability to control and monitor people. Certainly, it would be easy to utilize bio-implants that would allow people to trace the location and perhaps even monitor the condition and behavior.

This would be a tremendous violation of human privacy, but the creators of human biotech might see it as necessary to keep their subjects Under control. Once implanted with bio-implant electronic devices, 'cyborgs' might become highly dependent on the creators of these devices for their repair, recharge, and maintenance, thus placing them under the absolute control of the designers of the technology. Perhaps the most cogent arguments against this technology originate from people who foresee tremendous possible risks toward human health and safety. In this way cyborgs may lead many adverse consequences as predicted by the critics.

CONCLUSION:

Though bioelectronics has many advantages it may lead to negative arguments with the Invention of biological machines called “Cyborgs”. As many scientists have eloquently argued, once a technology is out there, you cannot make it go away. There never was a technology that the human race ever abandoned wholesale, even the hydrogen bomb or other weapons of mass destruction with

the power to wipe out all life on Earth. When human beings are offered the chance to utilize computers and electronic technologies within their bodies to achieve the same results, it is almost certain they will embrace them regardless of the risks. Based on this, it would be unrealistic to try and ban such technologies, however one might worry about their ethical and social consequences. A ban would only probably force them into a large, criminal black market, as illegal drugs and weapons already have been. It is probably imperative for society to assert that the scientists and engineers charged with creating this new technology exert the proper amount of social responsibility.

Safeguards will have to be insisted on to prevent the possible negative impacts discussed above, and many of these things will have to be built in at the instrumental level, since they probably cannot be achieved only through policy and regulation.